Particle Number PEMS: Inter-Laboratory: Comparison Exercise

This report summarizes the results of the Inter-Laboratory Comparison Exercise for the PN-PEMS equipment that took place between September 2015 and January 2016. The accuracy and precision of PN measurement with two different PN-PEMS was assessed with one selected Golden Vehicle in seven different laboratories across Europe, providing indications for drafting the third package of the RDE regulation. The differences of the PN-PEMS to the reference system at the CVS were between -40% and +40%; similar to those between the reference system at the tailpipe and the CVS. The accuracy and precision of the PN-PEMS, as estimated by comparing them with the reference system at the tailpipe were 10.4% ± 11.9% for the diffusion charger based PN-PEMS and -8.0% ±9.5% for the CPC-based PN-PEMS. The larger differences compared to the reference system at the CVS can be explained by particle transformations between the vehicle tailpipe and the CVS and calibration uncertainties of the reference systems at the CVS. On road tests showed that the PN-PEMS were stable and measuring as in the laboratory. For the tested vehicle technology, there were not significant deviations between the PN emissions measured in the laboratory and the PN emissions measured under real driving conditions at ambient temperatures between 3°C and 25°C.JRC.C.4-Sustainable Transpor

PEMS EMISSIONS TESTING OF HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES/ENGINES: ASSESSMENT OF PEMS PROCEDURES IN FULFILMENT OF ARTICLE 14(3) TO REGULATION (EU) 582/2011

The Euro VI Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 and the implementing Regulation [2] (EC) 582/2011 introduces a procedure for PEMS testing as a mandatory part of the type approval legislation in order to check the conformity of heavy-duty engines with the applicable emissions certification standards during the normal life of those engines: this is the so-called “In Service Conformity” (ISC) requirements. In addition, Euro VI engines also have to verify their actual in-use emissions already at type approval (PEMS demonstration test). Even if the PEMS procedure has already been introduced into legislation there is still a need for further evaluation and development. Article 14(3) of the implementing regulation for Euro VI (EC) No 582/2011 states the following: “Any additional requirements with respect to off-cycle in-use vehicle testing referred to in point (d) of paragraph 1 shall be introduced after the assessment of the PEMS procedures set out in Annex II. The assessment shall be finalised by 31 December 2014.” An assessment of the currently introduced PEMS procedure should therefore be carried out, and based on the outcome of this assessment; proposals for amending the PEMS procedure should be made. The European Commission through DG ENTR in co-operation with DG JRC launched in January 2012 a programme to address the legislative mandate to assess the present PEMS procedure. This report describes the activities during the programme, its findings and recommendations for amending the PEMS procedure.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

PEMS BASED IN-SERVICE TESTING: PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HEAVY-DUTY ENGINES/VEHICLES

This guidance document is a JRC technical support document, contributing to the development of best practices with PEMS. It shall be used primarily for the preparation, the execution and the follow-up of the emissions tests with PEMS on road heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) equipped with conventional combustion engines (gasoline, diesel, CNG, LPG). The document does not substitute either the operation manuals of the instruments or safety rules and recommendations nor official regulatory texts regarding in-use emissions tests with PEMS. The intention of this guide is to clarify some operational points of the PEMS procedure and to provide a guide for the application of PEMS inside and outside the regulatory context (In-Service Conformity Testing of heavy-duty engines as foreseen in Regulations 582/2011 and 64/2012).JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

Insights for post-Euro 6 based on analysis of Euro 6d-TEMP PEMS data

Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) requirements were introduced in the European emission legislation to address the gap between lab and real-world emissions. The procedure focuses on on-road testing with a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) and defines a Not-to-Exceed limit for NOx and PN emissions. This paper analyses a database of publicly available PEMS data of mostly Euro 6d-TEMP vehicles. Emissions data of 7 gasoline and 13 diesel vehicles are investigated. Different routes are included per vehicle to explore the emissions over a range of driving conditions. A standard analysis approach is to look at the average emissions per kilometer over the total test, but it has to become difficult to derive trends as overall emissions have reduced significantly compared to the pre-RDE era. This investigation therefore looks at smaller trips within the RDE tests. The intention is to explore remaining emission events to derive insights for Euro 7. The results firstly confirm a significant reduction in real-world emissions with the introduction of RDE requirements, both for PN and NOx emissions. Secondly, the paper shows cold-start emissions are important for both gasoline and diesel vehicles. Once the emissions control technologies are at normal operation temperature, emissions are well controlled for most cases. Finally, it is shown that relatively high emission events are still happening and that this is not only limited during to the cold-start phase. As overall emission levels are indeed reducing, the relative contribution of the remaining emission events becomes significant. Effective legislation must ensure that the remaining emission peaks are properly controlled by designing the testing protocol to apply appropriate averaging of emissions over the emissions test, or part of it

NON ROAD ENGINES CONFORMITY TESTING BASED ON PEMS - Lessons Learned from the European Pilot Program

Since the EURO V standards for heavy-duty engines, the European emissions legislation requires to verify the conformity of heavy-duty engines with the applicable emissions certification standards: these provisions are identified as “In Service Conformity” (ISC). It was considered impractical and expensive to adopt an ISC scheme for heavy-duty vehicles requiring the removal of engines from vehicles to test pollutant emissions against legislative limits. Therefore, it was proposed to develop a protocol for in-service conformity checking of heavy-duty vehicles based on the use of Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS). As a result, ISC testing based on PEMS was introduced in the EURO V and the EURO VI standards. The corresponding administrative and technical provisions were formulated in the European Regulations 582/2011 and 64/2012. The above route was followed for non-road engines as well: preliminary research activities studied and confirmed the possibility to apply the methods developed for heavy-duty engines with minor modifications. The basis for the introduction of ISC provisions based on the PEMS approach into the European NRMM type-approval legislation has been established in several texts. The NRMM PEMS Pilot Program was launched to facilitate the introduction into the European NRMM emissions legislation of use of PEMS as a tool for ISC. This had to be achieved by improving the technical procedures (e.g. available from the heavy-duty scheme) and increasing the awareness of the different stakeholders about PEMS as a new regulatory tool.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

EU-PEMS PM Pilot Program: Testing, data analysis and results.

The present work was conducted in the frame of the EU PEMS PM Evaluation programme. The program was launched in 2008 by the European Commission [1] to assess the potential of portable instruments to measure particulate emissions on-board of vehicles. The EU-PEMS program is a voluntary program, receiving contributions from the European Joint Research Centre (JRC), some portable emissions instrument manufacturers (AVL, Control Sistem, Sensors Inc, Horiba) and the European association of heavy-duty engines manufacturers (ACEA). After the successful completion of the laboratory evaluation program with the identification and recommendation of the candidate principles [3, 4, 5], the second phase of the process was launched with the on-road measurement of PM with the updated instrumentation recommended in the validation program (PEMS PM Pilot Program). The PEMS PM Pilot program concludes the research phase of the PEMS PM instrumentation into its inclusion in the Euro VI regulationJRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

An Investigation into HCCI Combustion Under Primary Reference Fuel Blends

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Advanced Emission Controls and Sustainable Renewable Fuels for Low Pollutant and CO₂ Emissions on a Diesel Passenger Car

Research efforts into advanced emission control systems led to significant reduction of pollutant emissions of modern internal combustion engines. Sustainable renewable fuels are used to further reduce their Well-to-Wheels greenhouse gas emissions. The novel aspect of this paper is the compatibility investigation of existing advanced emission control technologies for achieving low pollutant emissions with the use of sustainable renewable fuels with vehicle tests. This is done on a diesel demonstrator vehicle, equipped with Lean NOx trap and dual-SCR technologies in combination with a 48V mild-hybrid powertrain. Tailpipe pollutant and CO2 emissions are measured for market diesel fuel with 7% renewable fatty-acid-methyl-ester (FAME) (B7), diesel fuel with 30% FAME (B30), and 100% renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Results show no significant difference in pollutant emissions between the different fuels used. In a second part of the study, a Well-to-Wheels (WTW) analysis is conducted. This includes different pathways for the biomass-to-liquid fuels that were tested on the vehicle, as well as a power-to-diesel (e-diesel) assessment. Results show that significant WTW CO2 reductions are possibly compared to the state-of-the-art market diesel fuel. Part of this reduction is already possible for the existing fleet as most of paraffinic compounds are drop-in for market diesel fuel

Advanced Emission Controls and Sustainable Renewable Fuels for Low Pollutant and CO2 Emissions on a Diesel Passenger Car

Research efforts into advanced emission control systems led to significant reduction of pollutant emissions of modern internal combustion engines. Sustainable renewable fuels are used to further reduce their Well-to-Wheels greenhouse gas emissions. The novel aspect of this paper is the compatibility investigation of existing advanced emission control technologies for achieving low pollutant emissions with the use of sustainable renewable fuels with vehicle tests. This is done on a diesel demonstrator vehicle, equipped with Lean NOx trap and dual-SCR technologies in combination with a 48V mild-hybrid powertrain. Tailpipe pollutant and CO2 emissions are measured for market diesel fuel with 7% renewable fatty-acid-methyl-ester (FAME) (B7), diesel fuel with 30% FAME (B30), and 100% renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Results show no significant difference in pollutant emissions between the different fuels used. In a second part of the study, a Well-to-Wheels (WTW) analysis is conducted. This includes different pathways for the biomass-to-liquid fuels that were tested on the vehicle, as well as a power-to-diesel (e-diesel) assessment. Results show that significant WTW CO2 reductions are possibly compared to the state-of-the-art market diesel fuel. Part of this reduction is already possible for the existing fleet as most of paraffinic compounds are drop-in for market diesel fuel